Alexander III.
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born c. 1105, , Siena, Tuscany
died Aug. 30, 1181, Rome
original name Rolando Bandinelli
pope from 1159 to 1181, a vigorous exponent of papal authority, which he defended against challenges by the Holy Roman emperor Friedrich I. Barbarossa (1123-1190) and Henry II. (1133-1189).
Copyright © 1994-2002 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Sources
- Encylopedia Britannica 2002, Expanded Edition DVD
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